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Substance misuse

 

Dependence on drugs is a combination of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance takes on a much higher importance for a given individual than any other behaviours that once had a greater value. Drugs of abuse comprise cannabis, opioids (opiates), CNS stimulants (cocaine, crack, amphetamines, ecstasy, crack), CNS depressants (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol), hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin), and volatile substances (glues, gases, aerosols).

 

Opioid misuse and dependence are connected with a broad range of problems, such as overdose; infection with HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C; anaemia; thrombosis; poor nutrition; dental disease; relationship breakdown; criminal behaviour; social exclusion; lost productivity; unemployment; imprisonment; prostitution, and withdrawal symptoms. Problems associated with excessive alcohol use cover hypertension, hand tremors, accidental injury, gastrointestinal bleeding, duodenal ulcers, cognitive impairments, anxiety and depression. The development of alcohol dependence seems to involve changes in brain neurotransmission.

 

Treatment programmes help people with drug and alcohol problems comprise a range of individually psychosocial interventions such as counselling, self-help groups, rehabilitation programmes, as well as medication.

 

物質濫用

 

對藥物的依賴是生理、行為和認知現象的一種集結,在這種現像中,使用某種物質對特定個體來說,比其他一度具有更大價值的行為重要。濫用藥物包括大麻、阿片類藥物(鴉片製劑)、CNS興奮劑(可卡因、快克、安非他明、搖頭丸、快克)、CNS抑製劑(巴比妥酸鹽、苯二氮卓類藥物、酒精)、致幻劑(LSD、裸蓋菇素)和揮發性物質(膠水、氣體、氣溶膠)。

 

阿片類藥物的濫用和依賴與廣泛的問題有關,例如過量;感染艾滋病毒、乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎;血栓形成;貧血;營養不良;牙齒疾病;犯罪行為;關係破裂;生產力損失;失業;監禁;社會排斥和賣淫,以及戒斷症狀。與過量飲酒相關的問題包括高血壓、意外受傷、手顫、十二指腸潰瘍、胃腸道出血、認知障礙、焦慮和抑鬱。酒精依賴的發展似乎涉及大腦神經傳遞的變化。

 

除藥物治療外,治療方案能幫助對毒品和酒精有問題的人,還包括一系列個人心理社會干預措施,例如諮詢、自助團體和復康計劃,以及藥物治療。

 





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